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Hawkins Electrical Guide, Number One
Questions, Answers, & Illustrations, A Progressive Course
of Study for Engineers, Electricians, Students and Those
Desiring to acquire a Working Knowledge of Electricity and
its Applications
£¿ Author: Nehemiah Hawkins
A PROGRESSIVE COURSE OF STUDY
FOR ENGINEERS, ELECTRICIANS, STUDENTS
AND THOSE DESIRING TO ACQUIRE A
WORKING KNOWLEDGE OF
ELECTRICITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
A PRACTICAL TREATISE
by
HAWKINS AND STAFF
THEO. AUDEL & CO. 72 FIFTH AVE. NEW YORK.
COPYRIGHTED, 1914,
BY
THEO. AUDEL & CO.,
NEW YORK.
Printed in the United States.
¸ñÂ÷
TABLE OF CONTENTS GUIDE NO. 1.INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER
SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
ELECTRICITY 1 to 4
Nature and source¡ªkinds of electricity: static, current, dynamic,
radiated, positive, negative, atmospheric, frictional, resinous,
vitreous.
STATIC ELECTRICITY 5 to 26
Electrical attraction and repulsion¡ªthe charge¡ªdistribution of the
charge¡ªfree and bound electricity¡ªconductors and insulators¡ª
electroscopes¡ªgold leaf electroscope¡ªelectric screens¡ª
electrification by induction¡ªnature of the induced charge¡ªthe
electrophorus¡ªcondensers; Leyden jar¡ªelectric machines¡ª
action of Toepler- Holtz machine¡ªWimshurst machines.
THE ELECTRIC CURRENT
27 to
34
Volt¡ªampere¡ªohm¡ªOhm¡¯s law¡ªproduction of the electric
current¡ªcurrent strength¡ªvoltage drop in an electric current.
PRIMARY CELLS
35 to
67
The word ¡°battery¡±¡ªaction of cell¡ªchemical changes;
polarization¡ªeffects of polarization¡ªmethods of depolarization¡ª
depolarizers¡ªdepolarizer bag¡ªVolta¡¯s contact law¡ªcontact
series of metals¡ªlaws of chemical action in cell¡ªrequirements of
a good cell¡ªsingle and two fluid cells¡ªthe Leclanche cell¡ªFuller
bichromate cell¡ªthe Edison cell¡ªGrenet bichromate cell¡ªDaniell
cell¡ªdirections for making a Daniell cell¡ªgravity cells¡ªDaniell
gravity cell¡ªso- called ¡° dry¡± cells¡ªpoints relating to dry cells¡ª
care of cells¡ªcleanliness¡ªseparating the elements¡ªcreeping¡ª
amalgamated zinc¡ªbattery connections.
CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
68 to
74
The so- called ¡° non- conductors¡± ¡ªtable of conductors and
insulators¡ªmode of transmission¡ªeffect of heat¡ªheating effect
of the current¡ªinsulators¡ªimpregnating compounds¡ªwater as a
conductor.
RESISTANCE AND CONDUCTIVITY
75 to
82
Standard of resistance¡ªconductivity of metals and liquids¡ªeffect
of heat¡ªlaws of electrical resistance¡ªconductivity¡ªspecific
conductivity¡ªdivided circuits.
ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENERGY
83 to
92
Definitions: energy, matter, molecule, work, foot- pound, volt£¿coulomb, ampere- hour, power, horse power, watt, kilowatt,
watt- hour¡ªmechanical equivalent of heat¡ªBritish thermal unit¡ª
electrical horse power¡ªthe farad.
EFFECTS OF THE CURRENT
93 to
104
Thermal effect¡ªuse of heat from the current¡ªmagnetic effect¡ª
chemical effect¡ªelectrolysis¡ªelectro- chemical series¡ªelectric
osmose¡ªelectric distillation¡ªmuscular contractions¡ª
electroplating¡ªelectrotyping.
MAGNETISM
105 to
124
Two kinds of magnetism¡ªnature of each¡ªpoles¡ªmagnetic
field¡ªmagnetic force¡ªmagnetic circuit¡ªmagnetic flux¡ªthe
Maxwell¡ªthe Gauss¡ªmagnetic effect of the current¡ªcorkscrew
rule¡ªsolenoids¡ªpermeability¡ªmagnetic saturation¡ª
magnetomotive force¡ªreluctance¡ªanalogy between electric and
magnetic circuits¡ªhystereses¡ªresidual magnetism.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
125 to
136
Faraday¡¯s discovery¡ªFaraday¡¯s machine¡ªFaraday¡¯s principle¡ª
line of force¡ªinduction of current¡ªlaws of electromagnetic
induction¡ªrules for direction of induced current¡ªFleming¡¯s
rule¡ªAmpere¡¯s rule¡ªthe palm rule¡ªself- induction.
INDUCTION COILS
137 to
154
Self- induction¡ªmutual induction¡ªprimary induction coils¡ª
secondary induction coils¡ªplain secondary induction coils¡ª
secondary induction coils with vibrator and condenser; cycle of
action¡ªmagnetic vibrators¡ªvibrator adjustment¡ªtable of
induction coil dimensions¡ªtable of sparking distances in air¡ª
points relating to induction coils¡ªwiring diagram.
THE DYNAMO
155 to
160
Operation¡ªessential parts¡ªfield magnets¡ªarmature¡ª
construction of dynamos¡ªparts; bed plate, field magnets,
armature, commutator, brushes.
THE DYNAMO: BASIC PRINCIPLES
161 to
170
Definitions¡ªessential parts¡ªelementary alternator¡ªoperation¡ª
direction of induced current¡ªapplication of Fleming¡¯s rule¡ªcycle
of operation¡ªthe sine curve; its construction and application.
THE DYNAMO: CURRENT COMMUTATION
171 to
180
How the current is produced¡ªhow direct current is obtained¡ªthe
commutator¡ªinductors¡ª¡° continuous current¡± ¡ªaction of four
coil elementary dynamo¡ªconditions for steadiness of the current.
CLASSES OF DYNAMO
181 to
198
Classification¡ªbipolar and multi- polar dynamos¡ªdifference
between dynamo and magneto¡ªself- exciting dynamo¡ªthe
series dynamo¡ªregulation of series dynamo; difficulties
experienced¡ªthe shunt dynamo¡ªadaptation¡ªoperation¡ª
characteristic¡ªregulation¡ªthe compound dynamo¡ªservice
intended for¡ªregulation¡ªover compounding¡ªusual degree of
over compounding¡ªshort shunt¡ªlong shunt¡ªvoltage of short
and long shunt machines¡ªseparately excited dynamos¡ª
Dobrowolski three wire dynamo.
FIELD MAGNETS
199 to
220
Object¡ªessential parts¡ªclasses of field magnet¡ªmulti- polar
field magnets¡ªconstruction¡ªchoice of materials¡ªdesign¡ªpole
pieces¡ªeddy current¡ªlaminated fields¡ªconstruction to reduce
reluctance of the magnetic circuit¡ªmagnetizing coils¡ªmethods
of winding¡ªcoil ends¡ªinsulation¡ªattachment of coils¡ªcoil
connections¡ªheating¡ªventilation.