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ȣŲ½º Àü±âÀÇ ¾È³»¼­ (Hawkins Electrical Guide, Number One, by Nehemiah Hawkins)
ȣŲ½º Àü±âÀÇ ¾È³»¼­ (Hawkins Electrical Guide, Number One, by Nehemiah Hawkins)
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ȣŲ½º Àü±âÀÇ ¾È³»¼­.Hawkins Electrical Guide, Number One, by Nehemiah Hawkins
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Hawkins Electrical Guide, Number One
Questions, Answers, & Illustrations, A Progressive Course
of Study for Engineers, Electricians, Students and Those
Desiring to acquire a Working Knowledge of Electricity and
its Applications
£¿ Author: Nehemiah Hawkins
A PROGRESSIVE COURSE OF STUDY
FOR ENGINEERS, ELECTRICIANS, STUDENTS
AND THOSE DESIRING TO ACQUIRE A
WORKING KNOWLEDGE OF

ELECTRICITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

A PRACTICAL TREATISE

by

HAWKINS AND STAFF

THEO. AUDEL & CO. 72 FIFTH AVE. NEW YORK.
COPYRIGHTED, 1914,
BY
THEO. AUDEL & CO.,
NEW YORK.

Printed in the United States.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS GUIDE NO. 1. 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER 
SIGNS AND SYMBOLS 
ELECTRICITY 1 to 4
Nature and source¡ªkinds of electricity: static, current, dynamic, 
radiated, positive, negative, atmospheric, frictional, resinous, 
vitreous. 
STATIC ELECTRICITY 5 to 26
Electrical attraction and repulsion¡ªthe charge¡ªdistribution of the 
charge¡ªfree and bound electricity¡ªconductors and insulators¡ª
electroscopes¡ªgold leaf electroscope¡ªelectric screens¡ª
electrification by induction¡ªnature of the induced charge¡ªthe 
electrophorus¡ªcondensers; Leyden jar¡ªelectric machines¡ª
action of Toepler- Holtz machine¡ªWimshurst machines.
THE ELECTRIC CURRENT 
27 to 
34
Volt¡ªampere¡ªohm¡ªOhm¡¯s law¡ªproduction of the electric 
current¡ªcurrent strength¡ªvoltage drop in an electric current. 
PRIMARY CELLS 
35 to 
67
The word ¡°battery¡±¡ªaction of cell¡ªchemical changes; 
polarization¡ªeffects of polarization¡ªmethods of depolarization¡ª
depolarizers¡ªdepolarizer bag¡ªVolta¡¯s contact law¡ªcontact 
series of metals¡ªlaws of chemical action in cell¡ªrequirements of 
a good cell¡ªsingle and two fluid cells¡ªthe Leclanche cell¡ªFuller 
bichromate cell¡ªthe Edison cell¡ªGrenet bichromate cell¡ªDaniell 
cell¡ªdirections for making a Daniell cell¡ªgravity cells¡ªDaniell 
gravity cell¡ªso- called ¡° dry¡± cells¡ªpoints relating to dry cells¡ª
care of cells¡ªcleanliness¡ªseparating the elements¡ªcreeping¡ª
amalgamated zinc¡ªbattery connections. 
CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS 
68 to 
74
The so- called ¡° non- conductors¡± ¡ªtable of conductors and 
insulators¡ªmode of transmission¡ªeffect of heat¡ªheating effect 
of the current¡ªinsulators¡ªimpregnating compounds¡ªwater as a 
conductor. 
RESISTANCE AND CONDUCTIVITY 
75 to 
82
Standard of resistance¡ªconductivity of metals and liquids¡ªeffect 
of heat¡ªlaws of electrical resistance¡ªconductivity¡ªspecific 
conductivity¡ªdivided circuits. 
ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENERGY 
83 to 
92
Definitions: energy, matter, molecule, work, foot- pound, volt£¿coulomb, ampere- hour, power, horse power, watt, kilowatt, 
watt- hour¡ªmechanical equivalent of heat¡ªBritish thermal unit¡ª
electrical horse power¡ªthe farad. 
EFFECTS OF THE CURRENT 
93 to 
104
Thermal effect¡ªuse of heat from the current¡ªmagnetic effect¡ª
chemical effect¡ªelectrolysis¡ªelectro- chemical series¡ªelectric 
osmose¡ªelectric distillation¡ªmuscular contractions¡ª
electroplating¡ªelectrotyping. 
MAGNETISM 
105 to 
124
Two kinds of magnetism¡ªnature of each¡ªpoles¡ªmagnetic 
field¡ªmagnetic force¡ªmagnetic circuit¡ªmagnetic flux¡ªthe 
Maxwell¡ªthe Gauss¡ªmagnetic effect of the current¡ªcorkscrew 
rule¡ªsolenoids¡ªpermeability¡ªmagnetic saturation¡ª
magnetomotive force¡ªreluctance¡ªanalogy between electric and 
magnetic circuits¡ªhystereses¡ªresidual magnetism. 
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 
125 to 
136
Faraday¡¯s discovery¡ªFaraday¡¯s machine¡ªFaraday¡¯s principle¡ª
line of force¡ªinduction of current¡ªlaws of electromagnetic 
induction¡ªrules for direction of induced current¡ªFleming¡¯s 
rule¡ªAmpere¡¯s rule¡ªthe palm rule¡ªself- induction. 
INDUCTION COILS 
137 to 
154
Self- induction¡ªmutual induction¡ªprimary induction coils¡ª
secondary induction coils¡ªplain secondary induction coils¡ª
secondary induction coils with vibrator and condenser; cycle of 
action¡ªmagnetic vibrators¡ªvibrator adjustment¡ªtable of 
induction coil dimensions¡ªtable of sparking distances in air¡ª
points relating to induction coils¡ªwiring diagram. 
THE DYNAMO 
155 to 
160
Operation¡ªessential parts¡ªfield magnets¡ªarmature¡ª
construction of dynamos¡ªparts; bed plate, field magnets, 
armature, commutator, brushes. 
THE DYNAMO: BASIC PRINCIPLES 
161 to 
170
Definitions¡ªessential parts¡ªelementary alternator¡ªoperation¡ª
direction of induced current¡ªapplication of Fleming¡¯s rule¡ªcycle 
of operation¡ªthe sine curve; its construction and application. 
THE DYNAMO: CURRENT COMMUTATION 
171 to 
180
How the current is produced¡ªhow direct current is obtained¡ªthe 
commutator¡ªinductors¡ª¡° continuous current¡± ¡ªaction of four 
coil elementary dynamo¡ªconditions for steadiness of the current.
CLASSES OF DYNAMO 
181 to 
198
Classification¡ªbipolar and multi- polar dynamos¡ªdifference 
between dynamo and magneto¡ªself- exciting dynamo¡ªthe 
series dynamo¡ªregulation of series dynamo; difficulties 
experienced¡ªthe shunt dynamo¡ªadaptation¡ªoperation¡ª
characteristic¡ªregulation¡ªthe compound dynamo¡ªservice 
intended for¡ªregulation¡ªover compounding¡ªusual degree of 
over compounding¡ªshort shunt¡ªlong shunt¡ªvoltage of short 
and long shunt machines¡ªseparately excited dynamos¡ª
Dobrowolski three wire dynamo.
FIELD MAGNETS 
199 to 
220
Object¡ªessential parts¡ªclasses of field magnet¡ªmulti- polar 
field magnets¡ªconstruction¡ªchoice of materials¡ªdesign¡ªpole 
pieces¡ªeddy current¡ªlaminated fields¡ªconstruction to reduce 
reluctance of the magnetic circuit¡ªmagnetizing coils¡ªmethods 
of winding¡ªcoil ends¡ªinsulation¡ªattachment of coils¡ªcoil 
connections¡ªheating¡ªventilation.  

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